Selected References

The references included here represent a number of the contributions by many of the leading researchers in wood testing and evaluation. This listing is not exhaustive, and many important contributions may not be included. It is intended to aid those interested in the in-depth study of the physical characteristics of wood, lumber and panel products. Those citations flagged with asterisks (**) are available from Metriguard, Inc. Other references may be available either from the author or the institution or organization indicated.

  1. Acabeyli, E. and J. D. Barrett. 1993. Rate of Loading Effects on Strength of Lumber. Forest Products Journal 43(5):28-36.
  2. Armstrong, J. P., D. W. Patterson, and J. E. Sneckenberger. 1991. Comparison of Three Equations for Predicting Stress Wave Velocity as a Function of Grain Angle. Wood and Fiber Science 23(1):32-43.
  3. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM D 1037, Paragraphs 143-151. Philadelphia: ASTM.
  4. American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM, Volume 4.10 Wood. Philadelphia: ASTM.
  5. Atherton, G. H. 1980. Preliminary Study of Proportional Limit as a Predictor of Ultimate Strength in Bending. Forest Products Journal 30(11):47-53.
  6. Automation in Housing and Systems Building News. February 1981. Machine Stress Rating of Lumber: an Idea Whose Time Has Come.
  7. Bechtel, F. K. 1980. Machine Stress Rating: Mill Potential. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  8. Bechtel, F. K. 1981. Use of the Static Bending Tester for CLT Calibration. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  9. Bechtel, F. K. 1983. CLT System Planning. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  10. Bechtel, F. K. 1983. MSR Yield Study. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  11. Bechtel, F. K. 1983. Proof Test Load Value Determination for Maximum Economic Return. Forest Products Journal 33(10).
  12. Bechtel, F. K. 1986. Use of the Metriguard Model 239A Stress Wave Timer. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  13. Bechtel, F. K. 1987. Machine Stress Rating: Past, Present and Future. Willamette Valley Chapter, Forest Products Research Society, Keizer, OR.
  14. Bechtel, F. K. 1988. A Model to Account for Length Effect in the Tensile Strength of Lumber. 1988 International Conference on Timber Engineering, the Westin Hotel, Seattle, WA.
  15. Bechtel, F. K. 1990. Machine Stress Rating with the CLT Continuous Lumber Tester. Machine Stress Grading Seminar, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
  16. Bechtel, F. K. 1992. Length Effect in Correlated Element Model of Tensile Strength. Forest Products Journal 42(2).
  17. Bechtel, F. K. 1993. Estimating Residual Error by Repeated Measurements. Wood and Fiber Science 25(1):46-60.
  18. Bechtel, F. K. 1994. Feasibility of MSR Lumber Production. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  19. Bechtel, F. K. and J. R. Allen. 1987. Methods of Implementing Grain Angle Measurements in the Machine Stress Rating Process. Sixth Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
  20. Bechtel, F. K. and J. R. Allen. 1995. Introduction to the Metriguard Model 7200 LS Lumber Tester. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  21. Bechtel, F. K., J. R. Allen, D. A. Uskoski. 1990. Advances in Grain Angle Measurement. Proceedings of Process Control/Production Management of Wood Products: Technology for the ‘90s, Georgia Center for Continuing Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
  22. Bechtel, F. K. 1995. “Correction for Bending Moment Caused by Gravity.” Ms., Metriguard Inc., PO Box 399, Pullman Washington 99163.
  23. Bender, D. A., A. G. Burk, S. E. Taylor, and J. A. Hooper. 1990. Predicting Localized MOE and Tensile Strength in Solid and Finger-Jointed Laminating Lumber Using Longitudinal Stress Waves. Forest Products Journal 40(3).
  24. Bender, D. A., F. E. Woeste, E. L. Schaffer, and C. Marx. 1985. Reliability Formulation for the Strength and Fire Endurance of Glue-Laminated Beams. FPL 460, U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. p. 43.
  25. Bender, D. A., S. E. Taylor, and J. W. Swinnea. 1988. Load Rate Adjustment for Tensile Proof Testing of Southern Pine 2 by 10s. Forest Products Journal 38(6):26-30.
  26. Bender, D. A., F. E. Woeste, E. L. Schaffer, and C. M. Marx. 1985. Reliability Formulation for Strength and Fire Endurance of Glued-Laminated Beams. USDA Forest Service Research Paper FPL 460, U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. p. 43.
  27. Bender, D. A., S. E. Taylor, A.G. Burk and J. A. Hooper. 1990. Predicting Localized MOE and Tensile Strength in Solid and End-Jointed Laminating Lumber Using Longitudinal Stress Waves. Forest Products Journal 40(3):45-47.
  28. Bethi, R., D. A. Bender, K. McDonald and D. E. Bray. 1997. An Ultrasonic Technique for Predicting Tensile Strength of Southern Pine Lumber. Transactions of the ASAE 40(4):1153-1580.
  29. Biblis, E. J. and H. F. Carino. 1993. Factors Influencing the Flexural Properties of Finger-Jointed Southern Pine LVL. Forest Products Journal 43(1):41-46.
  30. Boone, Sidney R., Michael R. Milota, Jeanne D. Danielson, and Dean W. Huber 1992. Quality Drying of Hardwood Lumber, General Technical Report FPL-IMP-GTR-2. USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison WI.
  31. Browne, C. M. and W. E. Kuchar. 1985. Determination of Material Properties for Structural Evaluation of Trestle. Fifth Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
  32. Burk, A.G. and D. A. Bender. 1989. Simulating Finger Joint Performance Based on Localized Constituent Lumber Properties. Forest Products Journal 39(3):45-50.
  33. Cahill, J. M., T. A. Snellgrove, and T. D. Fahey. 1988. Lumber and Veneer Recovery from Pruned Douglas Fir. Forest Products Journal 38(9):27-32.
  34. Carlson, H. July 1980. Machine Stress Rated Lumber: A Look at Its Past, Present & Future! Automation in Housing and Systems Building News.
  35. Carlson, H. July 1981. Trusses and Simpson MSR: Made for Each Other. Automation in Housing and Systems Building News.
  36. Cha, J. K. and R. G. Pearson. 1994. Stress Analysis and Prediction in 3-Layer Laminated Veneer Lumber: Response to Crack and Grain Angle. Wood and Fiber Science 26(1):97-106.
  37. Comben, A. J. 1964. The Effect of Low Temperatures on the Strength and Elastic Properties of Timber. Institute of Wood Science Journal No. 13.
  38. Cramer, S. M. and K. A. McDonald. 1989. Predicting Lumber Tensile Stiffness and Strength with Local Grain Angle Measurements and Failure Analysis. Wood and Fiber Science 21(4).
  39. Cramer, S. M. and K. A. McDonald. 1989. Predicting Lumber Tensile Stiffness and Strength with Local Grain Angle Measurements and Failure Analysis. Wood and Fiber Science 21(4).
  40. Cramer, S. M. and W. B. Fohrell. 1990. Method for Simulating Tension Performance of Lumber Members. Journal of Structural Engineering 16(10).
  41. Cramer, S. M., D. C. Stahl, W. B. Fohrell, and K. A. McDonald. 1988. Exploring the Relationship between Local Grain Angle and Initial Fracture in Lumber Subject to Tensile Load. Proceedings, 1988 International Conference on Timber Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
  42. Dean, M. A. and A. J. Kass. 1983. Predicting the Bending Strength of Ladder Rail Stock. Forest Products Journal 33(9):9-16.
  43. DeBonis, A. L., F. E. Woeste, and T. E. McLain. 1980. Rate of Loading Influence on Southern Pine 2 by 4s in Bending. Forest Products Journal 30(11): 34-37.
  44. Deng, X. 1992. Use of Stress Wave Timer for Estimating Wood Stiffness and Finger-Joint Strength in Radiata Pine. Research Report No. 92-6, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  45. Dickens, J. R., D. A. Bender and D. E. Bray. 1996. A Critical-Angle Ultrasonic Technique for the Inspection of Wood Parallel-to-Grain. Wood and Fiber Science 28(3):380-388.
  46. Dickens, J. R., D. E. Bray and D. A. Bender. 1997. Beam Profiles in Wood from Critically Refracted Longitudinal Wave Probes. Materials Evaluation 55(6):721-725.
  47. Dolan, J. D., F. E. Woeste, and X. Li. 1995. Effect of Imposed Load on Solid-Sawn Wood-Joist Floor Vibrations. Forest Products Journal 45(1): 71-76.
  48. Durrans, S. R., M. H. Triche, S. E. Taylor, and F. E. Woeste. 1997. Parameter and Quantile Estimation for the Distributions of Failure Strength of Structural Lumber. Forest Products Society 47(4):80-88.
  49. Ellingwood, B. R., E. M. Hendrickson, and J. F. Murphy. 1988. Load Duration and Probability-Based Design of Wood Structural Members. Wood and Fiber Science 20(2):250-265.
  50. Fahey, T. D. 1987. Douglas Fir Veneer: Green Veneer Grades, Layup Loss, and Green Veneer and Plywood Recovery. Forest Products Journal 37(11/12):45-50.
  51. Faoro, O. 1985. Proof Loading to Establish the Integrity of Structural Finger Joints. Fifth Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
  52. Faust, T. D., R. H. McAlister, and S. J. Zarnoch. 1990. Strength and Stiffness Properties of Sweetgum and Yellow-Poplar Structural Lumber. Forest Products Journal 40(10):58-64.
  53. Forest Products Laboratory, 1999. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113, Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, p. 463.
  54. Fry, R. L. 1981. Handling Material Around the CLT. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  55. Galligan, W. L., B. E. Shelley, and R. F. Pellerin. 1993. The Influence of Testing and Size Variables on the Tensile Strength of Machine Stress-Rated Lumber. Forest Products Journal 43(4):70-74.
  56. Galligan, W. L., C. C. Gerhards, and R. L. Ethington. 1979. Evolution of Tensile Design Stresses for Lumber. USDA Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report No. FPL-28.
  57. Galligan, W. L., P. W. McClellan, and F. E. Woeste. 1985. Influence of Changes in Allowable Stresses on Wood Truss Design. Forest Products Journal 35(5):36-44.
  58. Geimer, R. L. 1976. Flake Alignment in Particleboard as Affected by Machine Variables and Particle Geometry. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper No. FPL 275.
  59. Geimer, R. L. 1982. Dimensional Stability of Flakeboards as Affected by Board Specific Gravity and Flake Alignment. Forest Products Journal 32(8):44-52.
  60. Geimer, R. L. 1986. Mechanical property ratios: A Measure of Flake Alignment. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper No. FPL 468.
  61. Geimer, R. L., K. A. McDonald, F. K. Bechtel, and J. A. Wood. 1993. Measurement of Flake Alignment in Flakeboard with Grain Angle Indicator. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper No. FPL-RP-518.
  62. Gerhards, C. C. 1975. Stress Wave Speed and MOE of Sweetgum Ranging from 150 to 15 Percent MC. Forest Products Journal 25(4).
  63. Gerhards, C. C. 1982. Effect of Knots on Stress Waves in Lumber. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper No. FPL 384.
  64. Gerhards, C. C. 1982. Longitudinal Stress Waves for Lumber Stress Grading: Factors Affecting Applications: State of the Art. Forest Products Journal 32(2).
  65. Gerhards, C. C. 1988. Effect of Slope of Grain on Tensile Strength. Forest Products Journal 38(7/8).
  66. Gerhards, C. C. and C. L. Link. 1986. Effect of Loading Rate on Bending Strength of Douglas Fir 2 By 4s. Forest Products Journal 36(2):63-66.
  67. Gerhards, C. C., C. M. Marx, D. W. Green, and J. W. Evans. 1984. Effect of Loading Rate on Tensile Strength of Douglas Fir 2 by 6s. Forest Products Journal 34(4):23-26.
  68. Gertjejansen, R. and J. Haygreen. 1971. Torsion Shear Test for Particleboard Adapted to a Universal Testing Machine. Forest Products Journal 21(11):59-60.
  69. Gomben, P. C. and T. M. Gorman. 1994. Treatability of Lodgepole Pine Laminated Veneer Lumber. Forest Products Journal 44(2):39-41.
  70. Green, D. W. and D. E. Kretschmann. 1991. Lumber Property Relationships for Engineering Design Standards. Wood and Fiber Science 23(3):436-456.
  71. Green, D. W. and K. A. McDonald. 1993. Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Red Oak 2 by 4s. Wood and Fiber Science 25(1):35-45.
  72. Green, D. W. and K. A. McDonald. 1993. Mechanical Properties of Red Maple Structural Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 25(4):365-374.
  73. Green, David W., J. W. Evans, J. D. Logan and W. J. Nelson. 1999. Adjusting Modulus of Elasticity of Lumber for Changes in Temperature. Forest Products Journal 49(10):82-94
  74. Green, D. W., C. L. Link, A. L. DeBonis, and T. E. McLain. 1986. Predicting the Effect of Moisture Content on the Flexural Properties of Southern Pine Dimension Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 18(1):134-156.
  75. Green, D. W., J. W. Evans, J. D. Barrett, and E. N. Aplin. 1988. Predicting the Effect of Moisture Content on the Flexural Properties of Douglas Fir Dimension Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 20(1):107-131.
  76. Green, D., and J. Evans. 1994. Effect of Ambient Temperatures on the Flexural Properties of Lumber. Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, Gold Coast Australia July 11-15.
  77. Groom, L. and A. Polensek. 1987. Nondestructive Prediction of Load-Deflection Relations for Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 19(3):298-312.
  78. Hall, H. J. and J. G. Haygreen. Compression Shear Test Jig, U.S. Patent No. 4,445,387, Issued May 1, 1984.
  79. Hall, H. J. and J. G. Haygreen. 1983. The Minnesota Shear Test. Forest Products Journal 33(9):29-32.
  80. Hall, H. J., J. G. Haygreen, and Y. Lee. 1984. Minnesota Shear Test Reproducibility and Correlation with Internal Bond. Forest Products Journal 34(9):49-52.
  81. Hamon, D. C., F. E. Woeste, and D. W. Green. 1985. Influence of Lumber Property Correlations on Roof Truss Reliability. Transactions of ASAE 28(5):1618-1625.
  82. Hamon, D. C., F. E. Woeste, and K. B. Rojiani. 1983. Simulation of Log-Normal Modulus of Elasticity Data. Transactions of ASAE 26(3): 867-871.
  83. Han, M. B., D. A. Bender, R. J. Ross and D. E. Bray. 1992. Monitoring Tensile Strength of End-Jointed Lumber Using Ultrasonics. ASAE Technical Paper 92-4546, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
  84. Heatwole, E. L., F. E. Woeste, and D. W. Green. 1991. Allowable Bending Strength Enhancement of 2 by 4 Lumber By Tension and Compression Proof Loading. Wood and Fiber Science 23(1):1-14.
  85. Heebink, B. and C. Tatchell. 1965. A Proposed Plug Tension Test for Particleboard. Forest Products Journal 15(1):28-30.
  86. Hernandez, R., D. A. Bender, B. A. Richburg and K. S. Kline. 1992. Probabilistic Modeling of Glue-Laminated Timber Beams. Wood and Fiber Science 24(3):294-306.
  87. Hesterman, N. D. and T. M. Gorman. 1992. Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber Made from Interior Douglas Fir and Lodgepole Pine. Forest Products Journal 42(11/12):69-73.
  88. Hooper, J. A. and D. A. Bender. 1988. Simulating End Joint Tensile Strength and Stiffness in E-Rated Lumber. ASAE Technical Paper No. 88-4514. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI.
  89. Hoyle, R. J. 1973. Wood Technology in the Design of Structures. Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, MT.
  90. Hoyle, R. J. 1981. The Genesis of Machine Stress Grading. MSR Workshop Proceedings, Metriguard, Inc., Pullman, WA.
  91. Hoyle, R. J. and F. E. Woeste. 1989. Wood Technology in the Design of Structures. Fifth edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 394.
  92. Hoyle, R. J., Jr. and R. F. Pellerin. 1978. Stress Wave Inspection of a Wood Structure. Fourth Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium, the Inn at the Quay, Vancouver, WA.
  93. Hunt, M. O., J. D. McNatt, and D. A. Fergus. 1980. Evaluation of New Shear Property Test Methods for Thick Particleboard. Forest Products Journal 30(2):39-42.
  94. Hunt, M. O., M. H. Triche, G. P. McCabe, and W. L. Hoover. 1989. Tensile Properties of Yellow Poplar Veneer Strands. Forest Products Journal 39(9).
  95. Ince, P. J. 1979. Cost of Grading Lumber by the Machine-Stress-Rating Process. Session 3 - Marketing - of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Forest Products Research Society, Atlanta, GA.
  96. James, W. L. 1975. Dielectric Properties of Wood and Hardboard: Variation with Temperature, Frequency, Moisture Content, and Grain Orientation. USDA Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper No. FPL 245.
  97. Johnson, J. A. and R. A. Harris. 1976. Characterizing Particle Orientation in Particleboard with Directional Probability Distribution Functions and Predicting the Tensile Elastic Modulus. Report No. VPIWST-76-6, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
  98. Johnson, J. W. 1980. Tension Laminations from Edge-Glued Lodgepole Pine and Machine-Rated Hem Fir Lumber. Forest Products Journal 30(8):23-27.
  99. Johnson, R. A. 1980. Current Statistical Methods for Estimating Lumber Properties by Proof Loading. Forest Products Journal 30(1):14-21.
  100. Jokerst, R. W. 1984. Preheating Veneer Reduces Press Time in Phenolic-Bonded PLV. Forest Products Journal 34(2):47-50.
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  102. Jung, J. 1979. Stress Wave Grading Techniques on Veneer Sheets. USDA Forest Products Laboratory General Technical Report No. FPL-27.
  103. Jung, J. 1982. Properties of Parallel-Laminated Veneer from Stress-Wave-Tested Veneers. Forest Products Journal 32(7):30-35.
  104. Jung, J. 1984. Investigation of Various End Joints in Parallel-Laminated Veneer. Forest Products Journal 34(5):51-55.
  105. Kahus, K. July 1981. Weyerhaeuser’s MSR: Window to the Future. Automation in Housing and Systems Building News.
  106. Kalkert, R. E., J. D. Dolan, and F. E. Woeste. 1993. The Current Status of Analysis and Design for Annoying Wooden Floor Vibrations. Wood and Fiber Science 25(3): 305-314.
  107. Kalkert, R. E., J. D. Dolan, and F. E. Woeste. 1995. Wood-Floor Vibration Design Criteria. Journal of Structural Engineering 121(9):1294-1297.
  108. Kim, K. Y. 1986. A Note on the Hankinson Formula. Wood and Fiber Science 18(2):345-348.
  109. Kirk, L. S., T. E. McLain, and F. E. Woeste. 1989. Effect of Gap Size on Performance of Metal-Plated Joints in Compression. Wood and Fiber Science Journal 21 (3):274-288.
  110. Kline, D. E., F. E. Woeste, and B. A. Bendtsen. 1986. Stochastic Model for Modulus of Elasticity of Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 18(2):228-238.
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  112. Kretschmann, D. E. and B. A. Bendtsen. 1992. Ultimate Tensile Stress and Modulus of Elasticity of Fast-Grown Plantation Loblolly Pine Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 24(2):189-203.
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  117. Leichti, R. J. and R. C. Tang. 1989. Comparative Performance of Long-Term Loaded Wood Composite I-Beams and Sawn Lumber. Wood and Fiber Science 21(2):142-154.
  118. Leichti, R. J., R. H. Falk, and T. L. Laufenberg. 1990. Prefabricated Wood Composite I-Beams: A Literature Review. Wood and Fiber Science 22(1):62-79.
  119. Lenth, C. A., J. R. Loferski, F. E. Woeste, and L. M. Johnson. 1996. Comparing the Bending Stiffness of Domestic and Imported Pinus Elliottii Radius Edge Decking. Forest Products Society 46(9):57-61.
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  122. Logan, J. D. 1981. “Roller Run-out Error in the CLT” Machine Stress Rating Workshop Proceedings, (©) Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  123. Logan, J. D. 1981. Here’s How Grading Differs for Visual and MSR Lumber. Automation in Housing and Systems Building News (July).
  124. Logan, J. D. 1982. “Proof load testing finger end-joined lumber tension or bending.” Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
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  126. Logan, J. D. 1986. MSR Production and Quality Control. ILMA General Meeting, Penticton, British Columbia, Canada.
  127. Logan, J. D. 1987. “Continuous Ultrasonic Veneer Testing: Sorting Veneer for Structural Applications.” Sawmill Clinic, Portland, OR.
  128. Logan, J. D. 1990. Getting Started with Machine Stress Rating. Sawmill Technology for the 1990’s Forintek Canada Corporation, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
  129. Logan, J. D. 1991. Introduction: Repeatability Measurements in the CLT Continuous Lumber Tester. Metriguard Inc., Pullman, WA.
  130. Logan, J. D. 1995. CLT: Stop Bolts. Service Bulletin, Metriguard Inc., 5 May 1995.
  131. Logan, J. D. 1996. “Improving MSR Profits.” Workshop Paper, MSR Lumber Producers Council Workshop, 25 April 1996, Seattle WA.
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  134. Logan, J. D. and B. Brashaw. 1993. “The Minnesota Shear Test.” 27th Particleboard Symposium, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
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  147. McDonald, K. A. and J. W. Whipple. 1992. Yield of 2 by 4 Red Oak Stress-Graded Dimension Lumber from Factory-Grade Logs. Forest Products Journal 42(6):5-10.
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  150. McDonald, K. and B. A. Bendtsen. 1985. Localized Slope-of-Grain—Its Importance and Measurement. Fifth Nondestructive Testing of Wood Symposium, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
  151. McLain, T. E. and F. E. Woeste. 1986. Rate of Loading Adjustment for Proof Testing of Lumber in Tension. Forest Products Journal 36(9):51-54.
  152. McLain, T. E. and F. E. Woeste. 1987. Proof Test Damage Evaluation with Southern Pine. Forest Products Journal 38(5): 31-32.
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  156. Meeks, J. E. July 1981. The Good Sense of Using MSR to Avoid Liability Problems. Automation in Housing and Systems Building News.
  157. Meeks, J. E. June 1979. MSR Wood Trusses—Product or Liability? Structural Engineering of Automated Building Components, Inc.
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